DN is a complex and heterogeneous disease with numerous overlapping disease-causing pathways including changes in glomerular hemodynamics, oxidative stress, inflammation, interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy.
It is a common, serious complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, or T2DM, and is characterized by extreme urinary albumin excretion, glomerular lesions, hypertension and progressive loss of kidney function. Diagnosis of DN is based on increased UACR and/or reduced eGFR in people with diabetes. DN is the most common cause of kidney failure and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, a primary driver of excess cardiovascular mortality and the single strongest predictor of death. DN is progressive, and people that progress to end-stage kidney disease require chronic dialysis treatment and/or kidney transplant.
In the early stages of DN, the person with DN may not exhibit any symptoms. However, as the disease progresses, symptoms and complications arise. Those with DN may experience fatigue, swelling in the feet, ankles, hands, or eyes, increased need to urinate, cognitive difficulties, trouble with breathing and erectile dysfunction.
People with DN are at higher risk for cardiovascular disease and may have other lab abnormalities such as a rise in potassium, worsening blood pressure, increase in proteinuria, and may also become anemic due to a reduced number of healthy red blood cells.
DN is a common microvascular complication of type 1 and type 2 diabetes occurring in as many as 40% of people. Over time, poorly controlled diabetes can cause damage to blood vessel clusters in your kidneys that filter waste from your blood and manage fluid levels in your body.
People with SIRD are at higher risk of progression to CKD and macroalbuminuria and have a 5X higher risk of ESKD progression compared to other clusters.
DN can be diagnosed and monitored by blood and urine tests. Diagnosis of DN is also based on increased albuminuria and/or reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate in people with diabetes.
people have DN due to SIRD in U.S., E.U., and U.K., collectively.
leading cause of CKD and ESKD.
estimated average annual per patient healthcare cost.
Current first-line therapy for DN includes glycemic and blood pressure control and treatment with renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors; either an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker. An emergence of data from various trials on sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors have demonstrated a reduced risk of kidney failure and prolonged survival compared to placebo, however, patients continue to progress to end-stage kidney disease, necessitating additional treatments that target the underlying cause of disease.
Our second product candidate is intended to treat a subset of people with diabetic nephropathy.
We are working vigorously to pioneer disease modifying-treatments that bring hope and renewed quality of life to people living with kidney diseases.